This passage is about the process of studying the goodness. Charles Darwin had observed that worker bees sacrificed themselves to protect their hives. From this observation, he was confused about the animal altruism. After years, a theory was established to explain the altruism that, animals would sacrifice to save their blood relatives. Later, however, arguments flared up. Some believed that all goodness could be resulted from genetic relation, while some claimed that goodness and genetic relation are utterly segregated. In 1963, Hamilton found came up with a formula explaining the relationship of the genetic relatedness between individuals, the cost of an act of goodness, and the privilege that one gained from others. This theory claimed that, if the cost of altruism could bring enough blood relatives benefit, then altruism emanates.
There is another category of reciprocity includes altruism. Individuals are usually willing to be altruistic to those who had helped them. Bill Hamilton and Robert axelrod fomalized the models behind the evolution of reciprocity. In 1981, they even used a mathematical technique to predict the time of reciprocal altruism to evolve.
In my view, Hamilton had explained the goodness in natural science quite well. But I think when humans are helping others, it is not only for genetic relatedness or reciprocity. It is quite common to see people helping those they have never met or known. They are altruistic because there is love their heart. And their actions of kindness spread out love in the human society.
2009年4月19日星期日
2009年4月18日星期六
Commentary assessment
English language Commentaries assessment
Saving Money by Spending Wisely
1. In this article, the author introduced business investment, ways of saving money by spending wisely, and benefit from it. Business investment is active investment. This requires large amount of time to observe the market and hence to predict what it would be in the future. To save money by spending wisely, you can embark investment or make storage for daily use. When the price of the goods is low, you could purchase them in large quantity and sell them when the price goes up or use them yourself.
2. Gain Profit from Your Own Asset
Are you worrying about the decreasing of the number in your bank account? Is it tough to endure the economic crisis without a good money investment? Are you able to make a living when you lose your job or suffer from natural disaster? If you find your answers for these questions are not pleasant enough, don’t worry. This is what I am going to tell you-- spend your money wisely, and gain from your own asset! Spending your money wisely could not only help you to save money, but may even help you to gain profit as well. In this essay, I will be talking about the ways of spending money wisely, basically making investment and storage, and the benefit from it.
If you have noticed in your daily life, it is not hard to find out that, prices of goods keep changing as the time elapses. Sometimes the prices are commonly high, sometimes low. When it is during the high inflation, prices of goods are drastically and continuously going up. However, when there is an economic crisis, the prices of goods usually decrease. Therefore, we could pre-purchase the goods when the price is lower than average, and sell the goods to others when the price has increased. However, you should always spend your money on the goods which are constantly being used by companies and factories. Otherwise, no one would buy your stored goods with such a high price, since they can use something cheaper to replace them. To do this, you need to spend time watching the business market, analyzing the requirements and supply of the goods, making quotations on the goods you concern, as well as predicting the future prices of the goods. When you are doing this kind of investment, you also need to preserve the goods well, or else people would not purchase your goods with the price you have expected.
You may not have to gain profit by spending money wisely. Sometimes a warehouse of supplies can keep you alive when you don’t have enough money to make a living. You could make storage on the things that are being used by yourself and your family constantly, hence to be able to make a living when you lose your job or suffer from a natural crisis. Find out the daily-used things. Purchase them at one time when the price is low enough. Make sure the goods are easy to preserve and can fit you along the time. The quantity should be large enough for you to undergo a crisis without income or supply of goods.
It is true that everyone wants to be rich and have a higher income than others. Some people would put their money in different sorts of passive investment such as stocks and mutual funds. However, this is indeed very dangerous as the market is changing rapidly. Not all the people in the stock market are economic experts, so that not every stock-holder could dodge the downturn and save their money. When the time comes, a lot will lose their money, and people involved might be having difficulties in making a living for them and their families. Therefore, people need to calm down and make a safe money investment plan, in order to save money or gain profits from own asset by spending money wisely.
From the above, we can see the necessity and benefit of making business investment and storage. Come on and start doing it, this will help you to have a better living!
Saving Money by Spending Wisely
1. In this article, the author introduced business investment, ways of saving money by spending wisely, and benefit from it. Business investment is active investment. This requires large amount of time to observe the market and hence to predict what it would be in the future. To save money by spending wisely, you can embark investment or make storage for daily use. When the price of the goods is low, you could purchase them in large quantity and sell them when the price goes up or use them yourself.
2. Gain Profit from Your Own Asset
Are you worrying about the decreasing of the number in your bank account? Is it tough to endure the economic crisis without a good money investment? Are you able to make a living when you lose your job or suffer from natural disaster? If you find your answers for these questions are not pleasant enough, don’t worry. This is what I am going to tell you-- spend your money wisely, and gain from your own asset! Spending your money wisely could not only help you to save money, but may even help you to gain profit as well. In this essay, I will be talking about the ways of spending money wisely, basically making investment and storage, and the benefit from it.
If you have noticed in your daily life, it is not hard to find out that, prices of goods keep changing as the time elapses. Sometimes the prices are commonly high, sometimes low. When it is during the high inflation, prices of goods are drastically and continuously going up. However, when there is an economic crisis, the prices of goods usually decrease. Therefore, we could pre-purchase the goods when the price is lower than average, and sell the goods to others when the price has increased. However, you should always spend your money on the goods which are constantly being used by companies and factories. Otherwise, no one would buy your stored goods with such a high price, since they can use something cheaper to replace them. To do this, you need to spend time watching the business market, analyzing the requirements and supply of the goods, making quotations on the goods you concern, as well as predicting the future prices of the goods. When you are doing this kind of investment, you also need to preserve the goods well, or else people would not purchase your goods with the price you have expected.
You may not have to gain profit by spending money wisely. Sometimes a warehouse of supplies can keep you alive when you don’t have enough money to make a living. You could make storage on the things that are being used by yourself and your family constantly, hence to be able to make a living when you lose your job or suffer from a natural crisis. Find out the daily-used things. Purchase them at one time when the price is low enough. Make sure the goods are easy to preserve and can fit you along the time. The quantity should be large enough for you to undergo a crisis without income or supply of goods.
It is true that everyone wants to be rich and have a higher income than others. Some people would put their money in different sorts of passive investment such as stocks and mutual funds. However, this is indeed very dangerous as the market is changing rapidly. Not all the people in the stock market are economic experts, so that not every stock-holder could dodge the downturn and save their money. When the time comes, a lot will lose their money, and people involved might be having difficulties in making a living for them and their families. Therefore, people need to calm down and make a safe money investment plan, in order to save money or gain profits from own asset by spending money wisely.
From the above, we can see the necessity and benefit of making business investment and storage. Come on and start doing it, this will help you to have a better living!
2009年4月7日星期二
Introduction
Can you imagine there is a research that has been treated completely different by the succinct two presidents, the former president Mr George W. Bush and president Barack H. Obama? of the United States? Well there it is- the embryonic stem cell research. Mr Bush had fervently abolished this research, however, President Obama was urging to start this research again. Embryonic stem cells are primitive cells that can be coaxed into any cell type. This research has considerable potential values. Personally, I stand for this technique to be widely applied, as it can effectively cure some thorny diseases, even without harmful side-effect.
George W. Bush
44. Barack H. Obama
George W. Bush
44. Barack H. Obama
2009年4月5日星期日
The embryonic stem cell research should be applied
Can you imagine there is a research that has been treated completely different by the two presidents of the United States? Well there it is- the embryonic stem cell research. Embryonic stem cells are primitive cells that can be coaxed into any cell type. This research has considerable potential values. Personally, I stand for this technique to be widely applied, as it can effectively cure some thorny diseases, even without harmful side-effect.
Embryonic stem cells can be converted into all types of cells. With this property, scientists could make quite a lot of benefits from it. If a person injured a part of his muscle, scientists can convert embryonic stem cells into muscle cells and inject them in to his body. The converted stem cells would automatically repair the damaged part of muscles. Compared to surgeries or medicine therapies, this method has a lot more advantages. Patients do not need to endure the pain from surgeries, or the complexity of having to take certain medicines at certain points of time. Additionally, stem cell therapy does not bring any side-effects as medicine or surgeries have. It merely requires a small quantity of body cells extracted from the patients, and some injections. The healing process would actually proceed inside the patients’ bodies, starting to repair their tissues or organs automatically and efficiently.
Stem cell therapy has another credit of not triggering rejections. Transplantation is quite likely to cause rejection as nobody around the globe has exactly the same DNA information. However, stem cells would not act as the same. Scientists extract the nucleus from the body cell of the patient and insert it into a fresh ovum which is previously vacated with its own nucleus. The ovum would behave as an embryo when jolted with electricity. Stem cells with identical DNA with the patient’s can be obtained through this procedure. The stem cells have the same DNA as the patient, therefore the patient and doctors do not need to consider the risk of rejection.
Some people argue that this technology is against the ethical issues. Mr. George W. Bush, the former president of the United States, once denied the proposal seeking federal funds for embryonic stem cell research, as this proposal would compel American taxpayers to support the deliberate destruction of human embryos. He declared that he would not allow the nation to cross the moral line. A large number of people think in this way, regarding stem cell therapy as immoral. However, they ignored the importance of stem cell therapy. Hundreds of thousands of patients could benefit from this research. Numerous people could regain their health thanks to this research. If curing so many people is not moral, then what is? Can we bear it in mind to see so many people lose the opportunity of recovering only due to the imaginary and baseless regarding of stem cell research an immoral conduct? Besides, the embryo is actually artificially produced from an ovum. There is no life created or destroyed. All the procedures are taking place in the laboratory without harming any creatures or livings. This research is utterly a ethical and beneficial study with great prospect and values.
From the above, I uphold the embryonic stem cell therapy to be broadly applied around the globe. According to its effective dealing with disease and wound, advantage of not triggering side-effect or rejection, this is a significant study in my view. I believe this research would continue booming and bring a huge influence to the human society.
Embryonic stem cells can be converted into all types of cells. With this property, scientists could make quite a lot of benefits from it. If a person injured a part of his muscle, scientists can convert embryonic stem cells into muscle cells and inject them in to his body. The converted stem cells would automatically repair the damaged part of muscles. Compared to surgeries or medicine therapies, this method has a lot more advantages. Patients do not need to endure the pain from surgeries, or the complexity of having to take certain medicines at certain points of time. Additionally, stem cell therapy does not bring any side-effects as medicine or surgeries have. It merely requires a small quantity of body cells extracted from the patients, and some injections. The healing process would actually proceed inside the patients’ bodies, starting to repair their tissues or organs automatically and efficiently.
Stem cell therapy has another credit of not triggering rejections. Transplantation is quite likely to cause rejection as nobody around the globe has exactly the same DNA information. However, stem cells would not act as the same. Scientists extract the nucleus from the body cell of the patient and insert it into a fresh ovum which is previously vacated with its own nucleus. The ovum would behave as an embryo when jolted with electricity. Stem cells with identical DNA with the patient’s can be obtained through this procedure. The stem cells have the same DNA as the patient, therefore the patient and doctors do not need to consider the risk of rejection.
Some people argue that this technology is against the ethical issues. Mr. George W. Bush, the former president of the United States, once denied the proposal seeking federal funds for embryonic stem cell research, as this proposal would compel American taxpayers to support the deliberate destruction of human embryos. He declared that he would not allow the nation to cross the moral line. A large number of people think in this way, regarding stem cell therapy as immoral. However, they ignored the importance of stem cell therapy. Hundreds of thousands of patients could benefit from this research. Numerous people could regain their health thanks to this research. If curing so many people is not moral, then what is? Can we bear it in mind to see so many people lose the opportunity of recovering only due to the imaginary and baseless regarding of stem cell research an immoral conduct? Besides, the embryo is actually artificially produced from an ovum. There is no life created or destroyed. All the procedures are taking place in the laboratory without harming any creatures or livings. This research is utterly a ethical and beneficial study with great prospect and values.
From the above, I uphold the embryonic stem cell therapy to be broadly applied around the globe. According to its effective dealing with disease and wound, advantage of not triggering side-effect or rejection, this is a significant study in my view. I believe this research would continue booming and bring a huge influence to the human society.
订阅：
博文 (Atom)